S.K. v. A.K.

 SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-0033-22
S.K.,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
A.K. and
Y.K.,
Defendants-Respondents.
__________________________
Submitted September 26, 2023 – Decided October 26, 2023
Before Judges Gilson and Berdote Byrne.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
Chancery Division, Family Part, Somerset County,
Docket No. FD-18-0177-22.
Offit Kurman, PA, attorneys for appellant (Rawan T.
Hmoud, of counsel and on the briefs; Jodi Argentino,
on the briefs; Emily Ingall, on the brief).
Detommaso Law Group, LLC, attorneys for respondent
A.K. (Joseph M. Freda, III, of counsel and on the brief).
Respondent has not filed a brief.
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
2 A-0033-22
PER CURIAM
Plaintiff-grandmother (Grandmother) appeals from two Family Part
orders. The first order, dated June 30, 2022, granted Grandmother virtual
grandparent visitation to her three grandchildren but denied in-person visitation
temporarily, while her son's criminal sexual abuse case was pending. The
second order, dated July 25, 2022, granted, in part, defendant-mother's (Mother)
request for counsel fees and awarded her $39,951.50.
The first order granted Grandmother's requested relief for grandparent
visitation, albeit not in-person as she requested. Grandmother fails to
demonstrate the trial court abused its discretion in granting her virtual visitation
instead of in-person visitation. Thus, we affirm the trial court's June 30, 2022
order. With respect to the second order, although the trial court found
Grandmother's application was in bad faith, it based its award on the applicable
factors. As such, it did not abuse its discretion in awarding fees. We, therefore,
also affirm the July 25, 2022 order.
3 A-0033-22
I.
Mother and the father of the children (Father)1 married in 2004 and
divorced in 2014. Three children were born of the marriage: R.K. (born
4/16/2005), H.K. (born 9/26/2007), and E.K. (born 4/14/2011).2 In 2014, the
couple divorced and entered into a Marital Settlement Agreement (MSA).
Pursuant to the MSA, the couple agreed to share joint legal custody of the
children. Mother became the parent of primary residence and Father exercised
parenting time with the children on alternate weekends. Father resided in
Grandmother's home for several years after the divorce, which resulted in the
children spending every other weekend at Grandmother's home from 2014 until
2020.
In 2017, Father re-married and divided his time between Grandmother's
home in Paramus and his new residence in Jersey City. Despite living at the
Jersey City residence, Father continued to exercise his parenting time at
Grandmother's home from 2017 until early 2020. In early 2020, the children
1 Father had limited involvement in the later litigation and was declared a third-
party defendant.
2 We use initials to protect the identity of minors and alleged victims. R. 1:38-
3(d)(11) and (13).
4 A-0033-22
stopped all visitation at Grandmother's home because of the COVID-19
pandemic and concern for both grandparents' diminishing health and advanced
age. As a result, the children spent approximately five to eight weekends at the
home of their father and his new wife in Jersey City.
On May 2, 2020, Father's paramour reported him to Jersey City Police
Department, alleging she found evidence of child exploitation material on his
computer and in his text messages. On May 6, 2020, Father was arrested and
charged with first-degree aggravated sexual assault, second-degree sexual
assault, first-degree endangering the welfare of a child (pornography), and
second-degree endangering the welfare of a child. His second wife was also
charged. The affidavit of probable cause alleged Father sexually abused R.K.
from ages 9 to 14, had R.K. engage in sexual acts with him and his new wife
from 2017 to 2020, recorded some of the abuse, and sent it to his wife.
Father has remained in custody since May 6, 2020. R.K. is the only victim
alleged in the criminal matter against his father. H.K. is aware of the abuse and
later made similar claims of abuse against his father. E.K. does not have
knowledge of his father's criminal case, the abuse allegations, or where the
alleged abuse occurred.
5 A-0033-22
On May 8, 2020, Mother filed for an Amended Final Restraining Order
(FRO) against Father, which was granted. In relevant part, the FRO awarded
Mother sole legal and physical custody of the three children and enjoined and
restrained Father, ordering him to have no contact, "directly or indirectly, in any
mode or manner," with any of his three children. Additionally, it enjoined and
indefinitely suspended all his rights to parenting time or visitation , pending
further order of the court.
A few months later, Mother filed a post-judgment motion regarding
spousal support. Father filed a cross-motion requesting the court compel Mother
to facilitate communication among the children, Grandmother, and their paternal
grandfather on a weekly basis. The trial court denied that cross-motion without
prejudice.
Grandmother then filed this action on September 13, 2021, requesting the
court 1) establish in-person, video, and telephonic grandparent visitation; 2)
place the matter on a complex track; 3) appoint a guardian ad litem on behalf of
the children; 4) schedule a plenary hearing to determine the best interests of the
children; and 5) interview R.K. Mother filed a counterclaim requesting counsel
fees and costs. In her initial application, Grandmother requested the court find
she had met her initial burden of showing lack of visitation would cause harm
6 A-0033-22
to the children in her pleadings in accordance with Major v. Maguire, 224 N.J.
1 (2016). In a subsequent case management hearing, Grandmother argued she
was entitled to discovery and Mother argued for dismissal. Grandmother also
requested the court "administratively put the case on complex track."
At the next case management conference Grandmother requested limited
expert discovery pursuant to the grandparent visitation statute. The court ruled
it would interview R.K., and potentially all the children, then entertain oral
argument regarding grandparent visitation, depending on what the children said.
On June 14, 2022, the trial court interviewed the children. E.K., then
eleven years old, who was not aware of the abuse or the charges against his
father, informed the court he spent a substantial amount of time with his paternal
grandparents with or without his dad at their house, and he felt safe there. He
stated he missed his grandparents and seeing them on video calls was not the
same as seeing them in-person. He was aware his grandparents were getting
older and wanted to see them before something happens to them. When asked
how he felt about not seeing his grandparents, he stated he was fine with it but
would like in-person more; either way he was fine.
H.K., then fourteen years old, informed the court he spent time at his
grandparents' home whenever his dad had parenting time. Despite caring about
7 A-0033-22
Grandmother, he was not sure he wanted to see his grandparents in-person
because he did not want to be at their house. Although he did not blame them,
he recalled the abuse from his father started when he was ten years old and it
occurred at his grandparents' home.3 Lastly, he did not know how he felt about
seeing his grandparents in-person not in their home. He felt more comfortable
keeping the current arrangement where they spoke over video calls. The court
asked him if he "suffered in any way emotionally, physically, or any type of
injury" since not seeing his grandparents for the last two years. He responded
"no, not really."
Lastly, the court interviewed R.K., then seventeen years old.4 He
confirmed most of the sexual abuse occurred in his father's room at his
grandparents' house. In one of the incidents, his father abused him and his
brother, H.K., at the grandparents' home. The abuse occurred at all hours of the
3 H.K. reported to police he experienced abuse from his father, but the record is
not clear as to whether his father has been charged with sexual misconduct or
abuse against H.K.
4 R.K. has since become eighteen years old and is no longer subject to the family
court's jurisdiction for parenting time or visitation purposes. See N.J.S.A. 9:2-
13(b) (defining "child" as "any person under [eighteen] years of age."); see also
N.J Div. of Youth & Fam. Servs. v. W.F., 434 N.J. Super. 288, 295-97 (App.
Div. 2014) (finding the three older children who became eighteen over the
course of the FN litigation were no longer in the purview of the court and the
custody issue became moot.)
8 A-0033-22
day or night, and no one intervened, although both grandparents were present in
the home when the abuse occurred. He knew his grandparents were awake
because he could hear people talking and his father's bedroom door was thin.
He felt there were signs making it obvious his father was abusing him, but
believed his grandparents did not want to suspect anything was wrong and
deliberately ignored the signs. R.K. stated he was not sure in-person visitation
would be "the best thing" for his brothers, and if visitation happened in his
grandmother's house it would trigger memories of abuse.
After the interviews and instead of oral arguments as scheduled, the court
instructed each party to prepare informal correspondence to the court regarding
the substance of the interviews and the positions of the parties. It stated, "[i]f
the [parties' wanted] to have further hearings, further trial, [the court was] happy
to oblige."
While the court was scheduling a date for the next hearing, Grandmother's
court-appointed interpreter informed the court Grandmother wanted to speak
with her counsel. Instead of addressing her counsel, the interpreter translated
Grandmother's statements to the court and all present. Grandmother attempted
to explain she could not continue coming to court because her husband was sick,
9 A-0033-22
and she needed to care for him. Then, without her interpreter and in English,
plaintiff stated:
-- I’m taking care. I-- I -- I -- because my son is -- my
husband -- for 15 year or 20 year he got blind and he --
removed this thing. That’s why he’s living -- you know,
sleeping in the downstairs. I have -- to say -- because I
have -- my husband has a very, very bad condition. --
we are -- not Medicare -- but --. -- please, I am begging
you, I cannot afford too much money. . . . I -- I will --
very, very -- my Chase -- Chase -- Chase bank, they --
my husband went over there and they took out our
$30,000 money from the bank.
After the court permitted her to not appear at the next hearing, Grandmother
stated, again in English: "[p]lease I’m begging you -- I’m -- my son -- I’m -- I
know my son is hundred percent -- he did not do anything. I -- I know -- . . . I -
- I am a very --they -- they say come our house and pay [sic] for us," before the
court cut her off.
Grandmother then filed a motion seeking discovery and permission to
retain an expert. In it, Grandmother conceded R.K. should be permitted to see
his grandparents on his own accord, considering his age and testimony; H .K.
should see his grandparents at least once if and when he was comfortable; but
asserted E.K. should be ordered to see his grandparents once every sixty days
for four hours. Grandmother again requested the court find she met the
10 A-0033-22
"threshold harm" standard, as applied to R.K. and E.K., based on their
statements in their interviews, but not as to H.K. Mother filed a cross-motion
requesting the court dismiss Grandmother's application for visitation with
prejudice.
On June 28, 2022, the court held a virtual motion hearing via Zoom. The
court questioned why Grandmother was so insistent on seeing the children in
person. The court permitted each party to present their argument. At the
conclusion, the court found it would not be in the best interests of R.K. or H.K.
to see their grandparents until they are 18 years of age, and the criminal case has
concluded.
With respect to E.K., the court found, although he would like to see his
grandparents in person, based on his age and because he was not aware of the
allegations and where the alleged abuse occurred, it would not be in his best
interest to see them in person.
The court stated it:
f[ound,] b[y] clear and convincing evidence[,] that it
will cause more harm to the children if they were to see
the grandparents in person. So therefore, [this court is]
denying the application. And this decision is based on
the New Jersey statute 9:2-7.1, the testimony of the
children, the young child not knowing the allegations
but eventually will know, and it's certain to this [c]ourt,
their credibility, what the grandmother blurted out on
11 A-0033-22
the record in open court, knows about the allegations
against her son yet believes the children are lying and
without knowing further information, just assumes her
son is innocent. And based on the . . . interviews of the
children, [this court] was able to observe their facial
expressions, their body language, what they stated.
[This court] found them credible[,] and . . . found that
they are healthy young children, intelligent, and
confident and this court did not see that they were
subject to any harm . . . by not seeing . . . their paternal
grandparents [in-person].
In its subsequent written statement of reasons, it ruled:
This [c]ourt finds pursuant to N.J.S.A. 9:2-7.1
there is clear and convincing evidence, (although above
the standard of preponderance of the evidence as
referenced in the [s]tatute), of irreparable harm to the
children if they were to have any further in-person
visitation with Plaintiff [Grandmother]. Therefore, the
[c]ourt hereby denies Plaintiff's request for in-person
grandparent visitation with the children . . . .
Plaintiff shall have Facetime or WhatsApp video
calls with the children on the 1st, 3rd, and 4th Sunday
of each month from 9pm to 9:30pm commencing July
3, 2022. If any of the children feel uncomfortable with
the conversation, they may terminate the call for that
session. If any of the parties are not available on the
designated day or time of a scheduled call, Plaintiff and
Defendant [Mother] shall communicate via text and
agree to a makeup video call. No discussion of the
pending criminal investigation is permitted on any
phone or video call with the children. None of the
parties shall alienate the children from the other parties.
None of the parties shall make disparaging comments
to or in front of the children regarding the other parties.
Counsel may submit certifications of attorney services
12 A-0033-22
for the [c]ourt to consider not later than July 15, 2022.
Failure to strictly comply with the terms of this [o]rder
shall result in [c]ourt-ordered sanctions, which shall
include, but not be limited to, a change in custody, loss
of parenting time, monetary sanctions, suspension of
driver's license, a bench warrant to issue for the non-
compliant party, and a term of incarceration.
Mother subsequently submitted a certification of attorney services, which
Grandmother opposed. After review, the court granted, in part, Mother's request
for counsel fees, awarding $39, 951.50.
This appeal followed.
II.
Our review of Family Part orders is limited. Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J.
394, 411 (1998). Family Part orders are afforded deference in recognition of
"the court's special jurisdiction and expertise in family matters." Id. at 413.
Therefore, "findings by the trial court are binding on appeal when supported by
adequate, substantial, credible evidence." Id. at 411-12. We will disturb the
trial court's factual findings and conclusions only where they "are so 'clearly
mistaken' or 'wide of the mark'" that a denial of justice would result. N.J. Div.
of Youth & Fam. Servs. v. E.P., 196 N.J. 88, 104 (2008) (quoting N.J. Div. of
Youth & Fam. Servs. v. G.L., 191 N.J. 596, 605 (2007)). The trial court's
interpretations of the law and legal conclusions, however, are not entitled to
13 A-0033-22
deference and are reviewed de novo. Thieme v. Aucoin-Thieme, 227 N.J 269,
283 (2016).
Grandparent Visitation
The Grandparent and Sibling Visitation Statute (GVS) "confers on a
child's grandparent . . . standing to file an action for an order compelling
visitation," N.J.S.A 9:2-7.1; Major v. Maguire, 224 N.J. 1, 13 (2016), and
"provides the framework for grandparent . . . visitation when visitation is proven
to be 'in the best interests of the child,'" N.J. Div. of Youth & Fam. Servs. v.
S.S., 187 N.J. 556, 562 (2006) (quoting N.J.S.A. 9:2-7.1(a)). Although the GVS
permits the court to order visitation with a grandparent, we have recognized "by
virtue of a fit parent's fundamental due process right to raise his or her children,
the parent is entitled to a presumption that he or she acts in the best interests of
the child, and that the parent's determination whether to permit visitation is
entitled to 'special weight.'" Major, 224 N.J. at 15 (quoting Troxel v. Granville,
530 U.S. 57, 67-69 (2000)).
A "grandparent seeking . . . visitation [under the GVS] must prove by a
preponderance of the evidence that denial of [the visitation] would result in harm
to the child." Id. at 7 (citing Moriarty v. Bradt, 177 N.J. 84, 117-18 (2003)).
"Substantively, it is a 'heavy burden.'" Slawinski v. Nicholas, 448 N.J. Super.
14 A-0033-22
25, 34 (App. Div. 2016) (quoting Major, 224 N.J. at 18). Only "[i]f . . . the
potential for harm has been shown [can] the presumption in favor of parental
decision making . . . be deemed overcome." Id. at 33 (quoting Moriarty, 177
N.J. at 117). Thus, the grandparent must make "a clear and specific allegation
of concrete harm to the children." Daniels v. Daniels, 381 N.J. Super. 286, 294
(App. Div. 2005).
The alleged harm must be "significant" enough to "justify[] State
intervention in the parent-child relationship." Id. at 293. "Mere general and
conclusory allegations of harm . . . are insufficient." Id. at 294. The purpose
behind this heightened pleading requirement is "to avoid imposing an
unnecessary and unconstitutional burden on fit parents who are exercising their
judgment concerning the raising of their children . . . ." Ibid. Otherwise, "any
grandparent could impose the economic and emotional burden of litigation on
fit parents, and on the children themselves, merely by alleging an ordinary
grandparent-child relationship and its unwanted termination." Id. at 293.
In Slawinski, we described the level of harm a grandparent must
demonstrate before a court is required to determine whether visitation is in a
child's best interests. We stated:
[P]roof of harm involves a greater showing than simply
the best interests of the child. [Moriarty], 177 N.J. at
15 A-0033-22
116 (stating that a dispute between a "fit custodial
parent and the child's grandparent is not a contest
between equals[,]" consequently "the best interest
standard, which is the tiebreaker between fit parents, is
inapplicable"). . . . The harm to the grandchild must be
"a particular identifiable harm, specific to the child."
Mizrahi v. Cannon, 375 N.J. Super. 221, 234 (App. Div.
2005). It "generally rests on the existence of an
unusually close relationship between the grandparent
and the child, or on traumatic circumstances such as a
parent's death." [Daniels, 381 N.J. Super. at 294]. By
contrast, missed opportunities for creating "happy
memories" do not suffice. Mizrahi, 375 N.J. Super. at
234. Only after the grandparent vaults the proof-of-
harm threshold will the court apply a best-interests
analysis to resolve disputes over visitation details.
Moriarty, 177 N.J. at 117.
[Slawinski, 448 N.J. Super. at 34 (third alteration in
original) (emphasis added).]
Accordingly, if a grandparent meets the threshold showing of harm, the
best interests standard applies and a trial court should consider the statutory
factors pursuant to N.J.S.A. 9:2-7.1(b) to determine whether permitting
visitation would be in the child's best interests.5 Moriarty, 177 N.J. at 117.
5 Those statutory factors include:
(1) The relationship between the child and
the applicant;
(2) The relationship between each of the
child's parents or the person with whom the
child is residing and the applicant;
16 A-0033-22
Nevertheless, "the trial court should not hesitate to dismiss an action without
conducting a full trial if the grandparents cannot sustain their burden to make
the required showing of harm." Major, 224 N.J. at 25. As we have cautioned,
"[t]he process of discovery can impose expense, inconvenience and trauma" and
therefore "[a]bsent special circumstances, parents who decide to limit or even
preclude grandparent visitation should not be faced with court-ordered
psychological examinations and other intrusive measures at the grandparents'
behest." Daniels, 381 N.J. Super. at 297.
Guided by these standards, we disagree with Grandmother's contentions
the trial court: 1) failed to make sufficient findings as to the children's best
(3) The time which has elapsed since the
child last had contact with the applicant;
(4) The effect that such visitation will have
on the relationship between the child and
the child's parents or the person with whom
the child is residing;
(5) If the parents are divorced or separated,
the time[-] sharing arrangement which
exists between the parents with regard to
the child;
(6) The good faith of the applicant in filing
the application;
(7) Any history of physical, emotional[,] or
sexual abuse or neglect by the applicant;
and
(8) Any other factor relevant to the best
interests of the child.
17 A-0033-22
interests; 2) mistakenly failed to characterize this matter as complex; 3) deprived
her of due process in failing to order discovery, appoint a guardian ad litem, or
allow the appointment of an expert; and 4) erred in denying her in-person
grandparent visitation. Grandmother's arguments are belied by the record,
which demonstrates the trial court found a risk of actual harm to the children if
Grandmother were allowed in-person visitation, not a risk the children would be
harmed if visitation were denied. Given that Father was, initially, the person
who sought grandparent visitation in his cross-motion after his arrest, the court
was correct to question Grandmother's insistence upon in-person visitation and
was correctly concerned with Grandmother's ability to unduly influence the
children in her son's pending criminal case.
The trial court's finding that in-person visitation would create a risk of
harm to the children was based upon the children's interviews, the pending
sexual abuse criminal case, and because the alleged abuse occurred in
Grandmother's home while she and the children's grandfather were present.
Grandmother did not establish the threshold showing of harm to the children if
grandparent visitation were denied. Despite the lack of threshold harm, the trial
court still granted the grandparents video visitation of all three children.
Moreover, Grandmother fails to demonstrate she is entitled to select the form of
18 A-0033-22
visitation, even if she had established the threshold harm to the children. The
method of visitation remains a matter of discretion with the trial court . Under
these circumstances, we perceive no reason to disturb the trial court's June 30,
2022 order.
Counsel Fees
The decision to grant an award of counsel fees in a family action is within
the discretion of the trial court and will not be disturbed absent a finding of an
abuse of discretion. N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23; R. 5:3-5(c). A party in a family action
moving to recover counsel fees must support their application by including "an
affidavit of services addressing the factors enumerated by RPC 1.5(a) . . . [and]
a recitation of other factors pertinent in the evaluation of the services rendered,
the amount of the allowance applied for, and an itemization of disbursements
for which reimbursement is sought." R. 4:42-9(b). Furthermore, the trial court,
in exercising its discretion, must consider the factors enumerated in R. 5:3-5(c).
N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23; Mani v. Mani, 183 N.J. 70, 93-95 (2005).
R. 5:3-5(c) provides:
In determining the amount of the fee award, the court
should consider, in addition to the information required
to be submitted pursuant to R. 4:42-9, the following
factors: (1) the financial circumstances of the parties;
(2) the ability of the parties to pay their own fees or to
contribute to the fees of the other party; (3) the
19 A-0033-22
reasonableness and good faith of the positions
advanced by the parties both during and prior to trial;
(4) the extent of the fees incurred by both parties; (5)
any fees previously awarded; (6) the amount of fees
previously paid to counsel by each party; (7) the results
obtained; (8) the degree to which fees were incurred to
enforce existing orders or to compel discovery; and (9)
any other factor bearing on the fairness of an award.
However, "'where one party acts in bad faith, the relative economic
position of the parties has little relevance' because the purpose of the award is
to protect the innocent party from unnecessary costs and to punish the guilty
party." Yueh v. Yueh, 329 N.J. Super. 447, 461 (App. Div. 2000) (quoting Kelly
v. Kelly, 262 N.J. Super. 303, 307 (Ch. Div. 1992)).
In the court's statement of reasons, it determined "Defendant's counsel
fees [were] reasonable, the parties' financial circumstances [were] similar, no
fees were previously awarded in the instant matter, and Defendant was
ultimately successful in her opposition to Plaintiff's request for in-person
parenting time with the children." The court questioned Grandmother's good
faith and found her insistence upon in-person visitation was to unduly influence
the children concerning their father's criminal case. The court did not grant fees
incurred by the firm that previously represented Mother because "there was no
20 A-0033-22
submission from the previous counsel regarding those fees incurred." The court
awarded defendant $39,951.50.
Grandmother argues the trial court abused its discretion in awarding
Mother $39,951.50 in counsel fees as it did not have adequate financial
information because neither party submitted a case information statement, nor
did they exchange financial discovery. Mother argues the trial court did not
abuse its discretion in awarding her counsel fees because its analysis was
appropriate pursuant to R. 5:3-5(c), R. 4:42-9(a), RPC 1.5(a), and
Grandmother's bad faith.
Despite not having financial documents, the trial court "was aware of
Plaintiff's advanced age and that Plaintiff and her husband live off of Social
Security benefits." Mother argues "it was reasonable for the trial court to infer
Plaintiff had a substantial asset base as Plaintiff was not working, allegedly
relying on Social Security Benefits, and was able to retain a prominent national
law firm to represent her in connection with her request for grandparent
visitation." The trial court agreed. Additionally, as the trial court noted,
Grandmother failed to provide the court with any financial information
regarding her ability to pay an award in her opposition to Mother's motion for
fees.
21 A-0033-22
The trial court did not abuse its discretion. Both parties were permitted
to submit to the court certifications of attorney services and briefs. Mother
provided the court with a certification of services and a detailed itemization of
disbursements. Grandmother provided a certification of services but failed to
detail her financial circumstances, to her own peril. Because the trial court
based its award of counsel fees on the applicable factors, and not solely on bad
faith, we affirm the award of attorney's fees.
Affirmed.