3:13-3. Discovery and Inspection
(a) Pre-Indictment Discovery. Unless the defendant agrees to more limited
discovery, where the prosecutor has made a pre-indictment plea offer, the prosecutor
shall, at the time the plea offer is made, provide defense counsel with all available relevant
material that would be discoverable at the time of indictment pursuant to paragraph (b)(1)
of this rule, except that:
(1) where the prosecutor determines that pre-indictment delivery of all
discoverable material would hinder or jeopardize a prosecution or investigation, the
prosecutor, consistent with the intent of this rule, shall provide to defense counsel at the
time the plea offer is made such relevant material as would not hinder or jeopardize the
prosecution or investigation and shall advise defense counsel that complete discovery has
not been provided; or
(2) where the prosecutor determines that physical or electronic delivery of
the discoverable material would impose an unreasonable administrative burden on the
prosecutor's office given the nature, format, manner of collation or volume of discoverable
material, the prosecutor may in his or her discretion make discovery available by permitting
defense counsel to inspect and copy or photograph such material at the prosecutor's
office.
Notwithstanding the exceptions contained in paragraphs (a)(1) and (a)(2) of
this rule, the prosecutor shall provide defense counsel with any exculpatory information or
material.
(b) Post-Indictment Discovery.
(1) Discovery by the Defendant. Except for good cause shown, the
prosecutor's discovery for each defendant named in the indictment shall be delivered to
the criminal division manager's office, or shall be available through the prosecutor's office,
upon the return or unsealing of the indictment. Good cause shall include, but is not limited
to, circumstances in which the nature, format, manner of collation or volume of
discoverable materials would involve an extraordinary expenditure of time and effort to
copy. In such circumstances, the prosecutor may make discovery available by permitting
defense counsel to inspect and copy or photograph discoverable materials at the
prosecutor's office, rather than by copying and delivering such materials. The prosecutor
shall also provide defense counsel with a listing of the materials that have been supplied in
discovery. If any discoverable materials known to the prosecutor have not been supplied,
the prosecutor shall also provide defense counsel with a listing of the materials that are
missing and explain why they have not been supplied.
If the defendant is represented by the public defender, defendant's attorney shall
obtain a copy of the discovery from the prosecutor's office or the criminal division
manager's office prior to the arraignment. However, if the defendant has retained private
counsel, upon written request of counsel submitted along with a copy of counsel's entry of
appearance and received by the prosecutor's office prior to the date of the arraignment,
the prosecutor shall, within three business days, send the discovery to defense counsel
either by U.S. mail at the defendant's cost or by e-mail without charge, with the manner of
transmittal at the prosecutor's discretion. Defense counsel shall simultaneously send a
copy of the request for mail or e-mail discovery to the criminal division manager's office.
A defendant who does not seek discovery from the State shall so notify the criminal
division manager's office and the prosecutor, and the defendant need not provide
discovery to the State pursuant to sections (b)(2) or (f), except as required by Rule 3:12-1
or otherwise required by law.
Discovery shall include exculpatory information or material. It shall also include, but
is not limited to, the following relevant material:
(A) books, tangible objects, papers or documents obtained from or belonging
to the defendant, including, but not limited to, writings, drawings, graphs, charts,
photographs, video and sound recordings, images, electronically stored information, and
any other data or data compilations stored in any medium from which information can be
obtained and translated, if necessary, into reasonably usable form;
(B) records of statements or confessions, signed or unsigned, by the
defendant or copies thereof, and a summary of any admissions or declarations against
penal interest made by the defendant that are known to the prosecution but not recorded.
The prosecutor also shall provide the defendant with transcripts of all electronically
recorded statements or confessions by a date to be determined by the trial judge, except in
no event later than 30 days before the trial date set at the pretrial conference.
(C) results or reports of physical or mental examinations and of scientific
tests or experiments made in connection with the matter or copies thereof, which are within
the possession, custody or control of the prosecutor;
(D) reports or records of prior convictions of the defendant;
(E) books, papers, documents, or copies thereof, or tangible objects,
buildings or places which are within the possession, custody or control of the prosecutor,
including, but not limited to, writings, drawings, graphs, charts, photographs, video and
sound recordings, images, electronically stored information, and any other data or data
compilations stored in any medium from which information can be obtained and translated,
if necessary, into reasonably usable form;
(F) names, addresses, and birthdates of any persons whom the prosecutor
knows to have relevant evidence or information including a designation by the prosecutor
as to which of those persons may be called as witnesses;
(G) record of statements, signed or unsigned, by such persons or by codefendants
which are within the possession, custody or control of the prosecutor and any
relevant record of prior conviction of such persons. The prosecutor also shall provide the
defendant with transcripts of all electronically recorded co-defendant and witness
statements by a date to be determined by the trial judge, except in no event later than 30
days before the trial date set at the pretrial conference, but only if the prosecutor intends to
call that co-defendant or witness as a witness at trial.
(H) police reports that are within the possession, custody, or control of the
prosecutor;
(I) names and addresses of each person whom the prosecutor expects to call
to trial as an expert witness, the expert's qualifications, the subject matter on which the
expert is expected to testify, a copy of the report, if any, of such expert witness, or if no
report is prepared, a statement of the facts and opinions to which the expert is expected to
testify and a summary of the grounds for each opinion. If this information is not furnished
30 days in advance of trial, the expert witness may, upon application by the defendant, be
barred from testifying at trial.
(J) all records, including notes, reports and electronic recordings relating to
an identification procedure, as well as identifications made or attempted to be made.
(2) Discovery by the State. Defense counsel shall provide a copy of the
discovery materials to the prosecuting attorney by a date to be determined by the trial
judge, except in no event later than 14 days after the date of the arraignment. Defense
counsel shall also provide the prosecuting attorney with a listing of the materials that have
been supplied in discovery. If any discoverable materials known to defense counsel have
not been supplied, defense counsel also shall provide the prosecuting attorney with a
listing of the materials that are missing and explain why they have not been supplied. A
defendant shall provide the State with all relevant material, including, but not limited to, the
following:
(A) results or reports of physical or mental examinations and of scientific
tests or experiments made in connection with the matter or copies thereof, which are within
the possession, custody or control of defense counsel;
(B) any relevant books, papers, documents or tangible objects, buildings or
places or copies thereof, which are within the possession, custody or control of defense
counsel, including, but not limited to, writings, drawings, graphs, charts, photographs,
video and sound recordings, images, electronically stored information, and any other data
or data compilations stored in any medium from which information can be obtained and
translated, if necessary, into reasonably usable form;
(C) the names, addresses, and birthdates of those persons known to
defendant who may be called as witnesses at trial and their written statements, if any,
including memoranda reporting or summarizing their oral statements;
(D) written statements, if any, including any memoranda reporting or
summarizing the oral statements, made by any witnesses whom the State may call as a
witness at trial. The defendant also shall provide the State with transcripts of all
electronically recorded witness statements by a date to be determined by the trial judge,
except in no event later than 30 days before the trial date set at the pretrial conference.
(E) names and address of each person whom the defense expects to call to
trial as an expert witness, the expert's qualifications, the subject matter on which the
expert is expected to testify, and a copy of the report, if any, of such expert witness, or if
no report is prepared, a statement of the facts and opinions to which the expert is expected
to testify and a summary of the grounds for each opinion. If this information is not furnished
30 days in advance of trial the expert may, upon application by the prosecutor, be barred
from testifying at trial.
(3) Discovery Provided through Electronic Means. Unless otherwise
ordered by the court, the parties may provide discovery pursuant to paragraphs (a) and (b)
of this rule through the use of CD, DVD, e-mail, internet or other electronic means.
Documents provided through electronic means shall be in PDF format. All other discovery
shall be provided in an open, publicly available (non-proprietary) format that is compatible
with any standard operating computer. If discovery is not provided in a PDF or open,
publicly available format, the transmitting party shall include a self-extracting computer
program that will enable the recipient to access and view the files that have been provided.
Upon motion of the recipient, and for good cause shown, the court shall order that
discovery be provided in the format in which the transmitting party originally received it. In
all cases in which an Alcotest device is used, any Alcotest data shall, upon request, be
provided for any Alcotest 7110 relevant to a particular defendant's case in a readable
digital database format generally available to consumers in the open market. In all cases in
which discovery is provided through electronic means, the transmitting party shall also
include a list of the materials that were provided and, in the case of multiple disks, the
specific disk on which they can be located.
(c) Motions for Discovery. No motion for discovery shall be filed unless the
moving party certifies that the prosecutor and defense counsel have satisfied the discovery
meet and confer requirements of R. 3:9-1(c).
(d) Documents Not Subject to Discovery. This rule does not require discovery
of a party's work product consisting of internal reports, memoranda or documents made by
that party or the party's attorney or agents, in connection with the investigation,
prosecution or defense of the matter nor does it require discovery by the State of records
or statements, signed or unsigned, of defendant made to defendant's attorney or agents.
(e) Protective Orders.
(1) Grounds. Upon motion and for good cause shown the court may at any
time order that the discovery sought pursuant to this rule be denied, restricted, or deferred
or make such other order as is appropriate. In determining the motion, the court may
consider the following: protection of witnesses and others from physical harm, threats of
harm, bribes, economic reprisals and other intimidation; maintenance of such secrecy
regarding informants as is required for effective investigation of criminal activity;
confidential information recognized by law, including protection of confidential relationships
and privileges; or any other relevant considerations.
(2) Procedure. The court may permit the showing of good cause to be
made, in whole or in part, in the form of a written statement to be inspected by the court
alone, and if the court thereafter enters a protective order, the entire text of the statement
shall be sealed and preserved in the records of the court, to be made available only to the
appellate court in the event of an appeal.
(f) Continuing Duty to Disclose; Failure to Comply. There shall be a continuing
duty to provide discovery pursuant to this rule. If at any time during the course of the
proceedings it is brought to the attention of the court that a party has failed to comply with
this rule or with an order issued pursuant to this rule, it may order such party to permit the
discovery of materials not previously disclosed, grant a continuance or delay during trial, or
prohibit the party from introducing in evidence the material not disclosed, or it may enter
such other order as it deems appropriate.
Note: Source-R.R. 3:5-11(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h). Paragraphs (b)(c)(f) and (h) deleted; paragraph (a)
amended and paragraphs (d)(e)(g) and (i) amended and redesignated June 29, 1973 to be effective
September 10, 1973. Paragraph (b) amended July 17, 1975 to be effective September 8, 1975; paragraph (a) amended July 15, 1982 to be effective September 13, 1982; paragraphs (a) and (b) amended July 22, 1983 to be effective September 12, 1983; new paragraphs (a) and (b) added, former paragraphs (a), (b), (c), (d) and(f) amended and redesignated paragraphs (c), (d), (e), (f) and (g) respectively and former paragraph (e) deleted July 13, 1994 to be effective January 1, 1995; Rule redesignation of July 13, 1994 eliminated December 9, 1994, to be effective January 1, 1995; paragraphs (c)(6) and (d)(3) amended June 15, 2007 to be effective September 1, 2007; subparagraph(f)(1) amended July 21, 2011 to be effective September 1, 2011; new subparagraph (c)(10) adopted July 19, 2012 to be effective September 4, 2012; paragraph (a) amended, paragraph (b) text deleted, paragraph (c) amended and renumbered as paragraph (b)(1), paragraph (d) amended and renumbered as paragraph (b)(2), new paragraphs (b)(3) and (c) adopted, paragraphs (e) and (f) renumbered as paragraphs (d) and (e), paragraph (g) amended and renumbered as paragraph(f) December 4, 2012 to be effective January 1, 2013; paragraph (b)(1)(I) amended July 27, 2015 to be effective September 1, 2015; paragraph (b) amended April 12, 2016 to be effective May 20, 2016; paragraph (c) amended August 1, 2016 to be effective September 1, 2016.
(a) Pre-Indictment Discovery. Unless the defendant agrees to more limited
discovery, where the prosecutor has made a pre-indictment plea offer, the prosecutor
shall, at the time the plea offer is made, provide defense counsel with all available relevant
material that would be discoverable at the time of indictment pursuant to paragraph (b)(1)
of this rule, except that:
(1) where the prosecutor determines that pre-indictment delivery of all
discoverable material would hinder or jeopardize a prosecution or investigation, the
prosecutor, consistent with the intent of this rule, shall provide to defense counsel at the
time the plea offer is made such relevant material as would not hinder or jeopardize the
prosecution or investigation and shall advise defense counsel that complete discovery has
not been provided; or
(2) where the prosecutor determines that physical or electronic delivery of
the discoverable material would impose an unreasonable administrative burden on the
prosecutor's office given the nature, format, manner of collation or volume of discoverable
material, the prosecutor may in his or her discretion make discovery available by permitting
defense counsel to inspect and copy or photograph such material at the prosecutor's
office.
Notwithstanding the exceptions contained in paragraphs (a)(1) and (a)(2) of
this rule, the prosecutor shall provide defense counsel with any exculpatory information or
material.
(b) Post-Indictment Discovery.
(1) Discovery by the Defendant. Except for good cause shown, the
prosecutor's discovery for each defendant named in the indictment shall be delivered to
the criminal division manager's office, or shall be available through the prosecutor's office,
upon the return or unsealing of the indictment. Good cause shall include, but is not limited
to, circumstances in which the nature, format, manner of collation or volume of
discoverable materials would involve an extraordinary expenditure of time and effort to
copy. In such circumstances, the prosecutor may make discovery available by permitting
defense counsel to inspect and copy or photograph discoverable materials at the
prosecutor's office, rather than by copying and delivering such materials. The prosecutor
shall also provide defense counsel with a listing of the materials that have been supplied in
discovery. If any discoverable materials known to the prosecutor have not been supplied,
the prosecutor shall also provide defense counsel with a listing of the materials that are
missing and explain why they have not been supplied.
If the defendant is represented by the public defender, defendant's attorney shall
obtain a copy of the discovery from the prosecutor's office or the criminal division
manager's office prior to the arraignment. However, if the defendant has retained private
counsel, upon written request of counsel submitted along with a copy of counsel's entry of
appearance and received by the prosecutor's office prior to the date of the arraignment,
the prosecutor shall, within three business days, send the discovery to defense counsel
either by U.S. mail at the defendant's cost or by e-mail without charge, with the manner of
transmittal at the prosecutor's discretion. Defense counsel shall simultaneously send a
copy of the request for mail or e-mail discovery to the criminal division manager's office.
A defendant who does not seek discovery from the State shall so notify the criminal
division manager's office and the prosecutor, and the defendant need not provide
discovery to the State pursuant to sections (b)(2) or (f), except as required by Rule 3:12-1
or otherwise required by law.
Discovery shall include exculpatory information or material. It shall also include, but
is not limited to, the following relevant material:
(A) books, tangible objects, papers or documents obtained from or belonging
to the defendant, including, but not limited to, writings, drawings, graphs, charts,
photographs, video and sound recordings, images, electronically stored information, and
any other data or data compilations stored in any medium from which information can be
obtained and translated, if necessary, into reasonably usable form;
(B) records of statements or confessions, signed or unsigned, by the
defendant or copies thereof, and a summary of any admissions or declarations against
penal interest made by the defendant that are known to the prosecution but not recorded.
The prosecutor also shall provide the defendant with transcripts of all electronically
recorded statements or confessions by a date to be determined by the trial judge, except in
no event later than 30 days before the trial date set at the pretrial conference.
(C) results or reports of physical or mental examinations and of scientific
tests or experiments made in connection with the matter or copies thereof, which are within
the possession, custody or control of the prosecutor;
(D) reports or records of prior convictions of the defendant;
(E) books, papers, documents, or copies thereof, or tangible objects,
buildings or places which are within the possession, custody or control of the prosecutor,
including, but not limited to, writings, drawings, graphs, charts, photographs, video and
sound recordings, images, electronically stored information, and any other data or data
compilations stored in any medium from which information can be obtained and translated,
if necessary, into reasonably usable form;
(F) names, addresses, and birthdates of any persons whom the prosecutor
knows to have relevant evidence or information including a designation by the prosecutor
as to which of those persons may be called as witnesses;
(G) record of statements, signed or unsigned, by such persons or by codefendants
which are within the possession, custody or control of the prosecutor and any
relevant record of prior conviction of such persons. The prosecutor also shall provide the
defendant with transcripts of all electronically recorded co-defendant and witness
statements by a date to be determined by the trial judge, except in no event later than 30
days before the trial date set at the pretrial conference, but only if the prosecutor intends to
call that co-defendant or witness as a witness at trial.
(H) police reports that are within the possession, custody, or control of the
prosecutor;
(I) names and addresses of each person whom the prosecutor expects to call
to trial as an expert witness, the expert's qualifications, the subject matter on which the
expert is expected to testify, a copy of the report, if any, of such expert witness, or if no
report is prepared, a statement of the facts and opinions to which the expert is expected to
testify and a summary of the grounds for each opinion. If this information is not furnished
30 days in advance of trial, the expert witness may, upon application by the defendant, be
barred from testifying at trial.
(J) all records, including notes, reports and electronic recordings relating to
an identification procedure, as well as identifications made or attempted to be made.
(2) Discovery by the State. Defense counsel shall provide a copy of the
discovery materials to the prosecuting attorney by a date to be determined by the trial
judge, except in no event later than 14 days after the date of the arraignment. Defense
counsel shall also provide the prosecuting attorney with a listing of the materials that have
been supplied in discovery. If any discoverable materials known to defense counsel have
not been supplied, defense counsel also shall provide the prosecuting attorney with a
listing of the materials that are missing and explain why they have not been supplied. A
defendant shall provide the State with all relevant material, including, but not limited to, the
following:
(A) results or reports of physical or mental examinations and of scientific
tests or experiments made in connection with the matter or copies thereof, which are within
the possession, custody or control of defense counsel;
(B) any relevant books, papers, documents or tangible objects, buildings or
places or copies thereof, which are within the possession, custody or control of defense
counsel, including, but not limited to, writings, drawings, graphs, charts, photographs,
video and sound recordings, images, electronically stored information, and any other data
or data compilations stored in any medium from which information can be obtained and
translated, if necessary, into reasonably usable form;
(C) the names, addresses, and birthdates of those persons known to
defendant who may be called as witnesses at trial and their written statements, if any,
including memoranda reporting or summarizing their oral statements;
(D) written statements, if any, including any memoranda reporting or
summarizing the oral statements, made by any witnesses whom the State may call as a
witness at trial. The defendant also shall provide the State with transcripts of all
electronically recorded witness statements by a date to be determined by the trial judge,
except in no event later than 30 days before the trial date set at the pretrial conference.
(E) names and address of each person whom the defense expects to call to
trial as an expert witness, the expert's qualifications, the subject matter on which the
expert is expected to testify, and a copy of the report, if any, of such expert witness, or if
no report is prepared, a statement of the facts and opinions to which the expert is expected
to testify and a summary of the grounds for each opinion. If this information is not furnished
30 days in advance of trial the expert may, upon application by the prosecutor, be barred
from testifying at trial.
(3) Discovery Provided through Electronic Means. Unless otherwise
ordered by the court, the parties may provide discovery pursuant to paragraphs (a) and (b)
of this rule through the use of CD, DVD, e-mail, internet or other electronic means.
Documents provided through electronic means shall be in PDF format. All other discovery
shall be provided in an open, publicly available (non-proprietary) format that is compatible
with any standard operating computer. If discovery is not provided in a PDF or open,
publicly available format, the transmitting party shall include a self-extracting computer
program that will enable the recipient to access and view the files that have been provided.
Upon motion of the recipient, and for good cause shown, the court shall order that
discovery be provided in the format in which the transmitting party originally received it. In
all cases in which an Alcotest device is used, any Alcotest data shall, upon request, be
provided for any Alcotest 7110 relevant to a particular defendant's case in a readable
digital database format generally available to consumers in the open market. In all cases in
which discovery is provided through electronic means, the transmitting party shall also
include a list of the materials that were provided and, in the case of multiple disks, the
specific disk on which they can be located.
(c) Motions for Discovery. No motion for discovery shall be filed unless the
moving party certifies that the prosecutor and defense counsel have satisfied the discovery
meet and confer requirements of R. 3:9-1(c).
(d) Documents Not Subject to Discovery. This rule does not require discovery
of a party's work product consisting of internal reports, memoranda or documents made by
that party or the party's attorney or agents, in connection with the investigation,
prosecution or defense of the matter nor does it require discovery by the State of records
or statements, signed or unsigned, of defendant made to defendant's attorney or agents.
(e) Protective Orders.
(1) Grounds. Upon motion and for good cause shown the court may at any
time order that the discovery sought pursuant to this rule be denied, restricted, or deferred
or make such other order as is appropriate. In determining the motion, the court may
consider the following: protection of witnesses and others from physical harm, threats of
harm, bribes, economic reprisals and other intimidation; maintenance of such secrecy
regarding informants as is required for effective investigation of criminal activity;
confidential information recognized by law, including protection of confidential relationships
and privileges; or any other relevant considerations.
(2) Procedure. The court may permit the showing of good cause to be
made, in whole or in part, in the form of a written statement to be inspected by the court
alone, and if the court thereafter enters a protective order, the entire text of the statement
shall be sealed and preserved in the records of the court, to be made available only to the
appellate court in the event of an appeal.
(f) Continuing Duty to Disclose; Failure to Comply. There shall be a continuing
duty to provide discovery pursuant to this rule. If at any time during the course of the
proceedings it is brought to the attention of the court that a party has failed to comply with
this rule or with an order issued pursuant to this rule, it may order such party to permit the
discovery of materials not previously disclosed, grant a continuance or delay during trial, or
prohibit the party from introducing in evidence the material not disclosed, or it may enter
such other order as it deems appropriate.
Note: Source-R.R. 3:5-11(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)(f)(g)(h). Paragraphs (b)(c)(f) and (h) deleted; paragraph (a)
amended and paragraphs (d)(e)(g) and (i) amended and redesignated June 29, 1973 to be effective
September 10, 1973. Paragraph (b) amended July 17, 1975 to be effective September 8, 1975; paragraph (a) amended July 15, 1982 to be effective September 13, 1982; paragraphs (a) and (b) amended July 22, 1983 to be effective September 12, 1983; new paragraphs (a) and (b) added, former paragraphs (a), (b), (c), (d) and(f) amended and redesignated paragraphs (c), (d), (e), (f) and (g) respectively and former paragraph (e) deleted July 13, 1994 to be effective January 1, 1995; Rule redesignation of July 13, 1994 eliminated December 9, 1994, to be effective January 1, 1995; paragraphs (c)(6) and (d)(3) amended June 15, 2007 to be effective September 1, 2007; subparagraph(f)(1) amended July 21, 2011 to be effective September 1, 2011; new subparagraph (c)(10) adopted July 19, 2012 to be effective September 4, 2012; paragraph (a) amended, paragraph (b) text deleted, paragraph (c) amended and renumbered as paragraph (b)(1), paragraph (d) amended and renumbered as paragraph (b)(2), new paragraphs (b)(3) and (c) adopted, paragraphs (e) and (f) renumbered as paragraphs (d) and (e), paragraph (g) amended and renumbered as paragraph(f) December 4, 2012 to be effective January 1, 2013; paragraph (b)(1)(I) amended July 27, 2015 to be effective September 1, 2015; paragraph (b) amended April 12, 2016 to be effective May 20, 2016; paragraph (c) amended August 1, 2016 to be effective September 1, 2016.
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